HealthManagement, Volume 15, Issue 1, 2013

Hopkins Scientists Create Method to Personalise Chemotherapy Drug Selection


In laboratory studies, scientists at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center have developed a way to personalise chemotherapy drug selection for cancer patients by using cell lines created from their own tumours. If the technique is successful in further studies, it could replace current laboratory tests to optimise drug selection that have proven technically challenging, of limited use, and slow, the researchers say.


The Problem


Oncologists typically choose anticancer drugs based on the affected organs’ location and/or the appearance and activity of cancer cells when viewed under a microscope. Some companies offer commercial tests on surgically removed tumours using a small number of anticancer drugs. But Anirban Maitra, MBBS, professor of pathology and oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, says the tissue samples used in such tests may have been injured by anaesthetic drugs or shipping to a lab, compromising test results.


By contrast, he says “our cell lines better and more accurately represent the tumours, and can be tested against any drug library in the world to see if the cancer is responsive.”


The Solution


The Johns Hopkins scientists developed their test-worthy cell lines by injecting human pancreatic and ovarian tumour cells into mice genetically engineered to favour tumour growth. Once tumours grew to one centimetre in diameter in the mice, the scientists transferred the tumours to culture flasks for additional studies and tests with anticancer drugs.


In one experiment, they successfully pinpointed the two anticancer drugs from among more than 3,000 that were the most effective in killing cells in one of the pancreatic cancer cell lines. A report on the success was published online January 22nd 2013 in the journal Clinical Cancer Research.


The new method was designed to overcome one of the central problems of growing human tumour cell lines in a laboratory dish; namely the tendency of noncancerous cells in a tumour to overgrow cancerous ones, says James Eshleman, M.D., Ph.D., professor of pathology and oncology and associate director of the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins. As a consequence, it has not been possible to conventionally grow cell lines for some cancers. Still other cell lines, Eshleman says, don’t reflect the full spectrum of disease.


To solve the problem of overcrowding by noncancerous cells, Maitra and Eshleman bred genetically engineered mice that replace the noncancerous cells with mouse cells that can be destroyed by chemicals, leaving pure human tumour cells for study.


“Our technique allows us to produce cell lines where they don’t now exist, where more lines are needed, or where there is a particularly rare or biologically distinctive patient we want to study,” says Eshleman.


Research


In its proof of concept research, the Johns Hopkins team created three pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines and one ovarian cancer cell line. They then tested one of the pancreatic cancer cell lines (called Panc502) against the Johns Hopkins Drug Library of 3,131 drugs, identifying tumour cells most responsive to the anticancer drugs digitoxin and nogalamycin.


For 30 days, they watched the effects in living mice of the two drugs and a control medicine on tumours grown from implanted cells derived from Panc502 and an additional pancreatic cell line, Panc410. They measured the size of tumours twice a week. Both drugs demonstrated more activity in reducing the tumour appearance and size in Panc502 than in Panc410, supporting the notion that the cell line technology may better predict sensitivity to the two drugs.


The investigators have given one type of their genetically engineered mice to The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, ME, a mouse genetics research facility, for breeding and distribution to other laboratories and are looking to partner with a company to distribute two other types.


Study co-authors were Hirohiko Kamiyama, Sherri Rauenzahn, Joong Sup Shim, Collins A. Karikari, Georg Feldmann, Li Hua, Mihoko Kamiyama, F. William Schuler, Ming-Tseh Lin, Robert M. Beaty, Balasubramanyam Karanam, Hong Liang, Michael E. Mullendore, Guanglan Mo, Manuel Hidalgo, Elizabeth Jaffee, Ralph H. Hruban, Richard B. S. Roden, Antonio Jimeno, and Jun O. Liu, of Hopkins; and H. A. Jinnah of Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta.


The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute (CA130938, CA62924 and CA122581), the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Stewart Trust Fund, the Lustgarten Foundation, the Mary Lou Wootton Pancreatic Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund, the Michael Rolfe Pancreatic Cancer Foundation and the HERA Foundation.

For more information, please visit: www.hopkinsmedicine.org

«« COCIR Launches Report on Financial Sustainability of Healthcare Systems


How ICT Can Improve Joint Replacement Surgery »»