A comprehensive review published in The Lancet reveals that Black athletes are approximately five times more likely to experience sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) than White athletes, despite an overall decline in SCD rates. SCA and SCD remain the leading causes of mortality among athletes, especially those participating in high-intensity sports.
The findings underscore significant racial disparities in SCA and SCD rates, highlighting the urgent need for research into the social determinants of health affecting young athletes.
Study researchers reviewed three decades of national and international data on athlete SCA and SCD. Their analysis also examined racial differences in electrocardiography (ECG) screenings, a standard tool for evaluating competitive athletes. Black athletes were found to have a higher rate of false positives in ECG screenings, often leading to unwarranted stress and, in some cases, a lack of follow-up care due to limited access to medical resources.
Social determinants of health—such as economic stability, geographic proximity to healthcare, access to reliable medical information, and experiences with discrimination—play a crucial role in these disparities.
The study authors highlight the importance of addressing these factors to improve outcomes for young athletes and to tackle these disparities. It's not enough to screen for potential problems; there is also a need to address the underlying social determinants of health that put these athletes at greater risk.
The review highlights the importance of proper pre-participation evaluations (PPEs) for athletes, which involve thorough planning, resource allocation, and follow-up care when abnormalities are detected. Effective PPEs should go beyond identifying potential health conditions to also consider environmental stressors and the social context in which athletes live and train. This can promote a better understanding of the bigger picture—where these young athletes grow up, what challenges they face, and ensuring a comprehensive plan can be outlined to manage their health.
The review calls for integrating social determinants into future research and public health strategies to mitigate the disproportionate risks faced by Black athletes and other marginalised groups.
Source: Emory University
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